Textures for the howitzer are in 4096x4096 resolution and shell and pallet textures are in 2048x2048 resolution.
Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Chrome Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Silver Plating Material: Chrome Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter:155mm/ 5.75',Height:120mm/ 4.7' Feature High chrome quality. Durable and Unique design. Headlight Housing Bucket Can Be Used With 7' Round Sealed Beams HID Kit Headlights.Note: Please compared with the original motorcycle headlights before buying. No included Headlights and instruction. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Chrome Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Silver Plating Material: Chrome Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand wellhf Manufacturer Part Number we595416b Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included.
Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Chrome Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Silver Plating Material: Chrome Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand besthf Manufacturer Part Number hf08513 Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Black Material: Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand best-hf Manufacturer Part Number hf57169wa981 Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Features Aftermarket 100% brand newReplace Part Number: 67789-91High Quality Chrome Finish.Material: IronInstallation instructions not included.Size: 7 inch Fitment Universal Fits motorcycle with 7' headlight Package Included One Headlamp Housing Brand Unbranded Manufacturer Part Number Does Not Apply Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Fitment 2012-2016 Harley FLD1983-2013 Harley Touring Bikes (except Tour Glide and Road Glide)2008-2013 Harley Trike Models1994-later Harley Road King Models (FLHR)1986-later Harley Softail FL models (which has freight train headlight nacelle)(Does not fit with Fairing Bra P/N 57800-00.) This product is modification part instead of OEM!!! Please ensure your motorcycle is in the compatibility before purchasingPlease read all description carefully and the size measurement chartProfessional installation is recommended Any question, please feel free to contact us. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Black Material: Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand wellhf Manufacturer Part Number wf6526053 Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing Color Black.
Features:1.100% Brand New and high quality.2.Trim ring extends forward giving the headlight a classic frenched look recessing the headlampand adding the appearance of depth.3.Make your bike looks more fashionable. Specifications:1.Condition:New2.Color:Chrome3.Material: High quality metal Fitment:For 2012-2016 FLD,1983-2013 Touring (except Tour Glide and Road Glide)For 1994-later Road King and 2008-2013 Trike modelsFor 1986-later FL Softail models with Freight Train Headlight Nacelle Package Includes:1Pcs Headlight trim ring. Notes. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Black Material: Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand best-hf Manufacturer Part Number hf57169wa981 Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing.
Fitment Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Chrome Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Silver Plating Material: Chrome Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter:155mm/ 5.75',Height:120mm/ 4.7' Feature High chrome quality. Durable and Unique design. Headlight Housing Bucket Can Be Used With 7' Round Sealed Beams HID Kit Headlights.Note: Please compared with the original motorcycle headlights before buying. No included Headlights and instruction. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Features Aftermarket 100% brand newReplace Part Number: 67789-91High Quality Chrome Finish.Material: IronInstallation instructions not included.Size: 7 inch Fitment Universal Fits motorcycle with 7' headlight Package Included One Headlamp Housing Brand Unbranded Manufacturer Part Number Does Not Apply Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included. Fitment Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included.
Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase Fit for 5.75'Harley Motorcycle Headlight Housing 5.75' Motorcycle Headlight Housing Lamp Bulb Bucket For Harley AssemblySpecification: Color: Black Material: Metal Housing Placement on Vehicle: Front Diameter Brand best-hf Manufacturer Part Number hf57169wa981 Placement on Vehicle Front Warranty yes Country/Region of Manufacture China Diameter 5.75 inch Material Aluminum Alloy UPC Does not apply Type Headlamp Housing. Fitment 2012-2016 Harley FLD1983-2013 Harley Touring Bikes (except Tour Glide and Road Glide)2008-2013 Harley Trike Models1994-later Harley Road King Models (FLHR)1986-later Harley Softail FL models (which has freight train headlight nacelle)(Does not fit with Fairing Bra P/N 57800-00.) This product is modification part instead of OEM!!! Please ensure your motorcycle is in the compatibility before purchasingPlease read all description carefully and the size measurement chartProfessional installation is recommended Any question, please feel free to contact us. Fitment: Please verify that this part fits your vehicle before you purchase To fit any motorbikes with 3543mm fork tubes Compatible with 5-3/4' seal-beam headlight Great for most Honda/Yamaha/Suzuki/Kawasaki/Ducati/Harley Davidson/Triumph/Norton/BSA Motorcycle,custom Chopper,Bobber,Cafe racer etc. Minor modification may be required for some modelsChrome plated housing with mirror polish Headlight bucket Size:165mm(6-1/2') outer diameter,120mm (4-3/4') depth 70mm(2-3/4').32mm (1-1/4') cutout hole for wiring Approx 134mm(5-1/4') bracket arm length instructions: not included.
Contents.General While the concepts of terminal ballistics can be applied to any projectile striking any target, much of the topic concerns the effects of small arms fire striking live targets, and their ability to either incapacitate or kill them. Common factors include bullet weight, composition, velocity, and shape.Firearm projectiles Classes of bullets There are three basic classes of bullets:. Those designed for maximum accuracy at varying ranges.
Those designed to maximize damage to a target by penetrating as deeply as possible. Those designed to avoid over-penetration of a target, by deforming to control the depth to which the bullet penetrates, which as a by-product, deals more damage inside the woundThe third class may limit penetration by expanding or fragmenting.Target shooting. JacketedFor short range target shooting on ranges up to 50 meters (55 yd), are relatively unimportant and velocities are low. As long as the bullet is balanced so it does not tumble, the aerodynamics are unimportant.
For shooting at paper targets, the best bullet is one that will punch a perfect hole through the target. These bullets are called. They have a very flat front, often with a relatively sharp edge along the perimeter.
The flat front punches out a large hole in the paper, close to, if not equal to, the full diameter of the bullet.This allows for easy, unambiguous scoring of the target. Since cutting the edge of a target ring will result in scoring the higher score, fractions of an inch are important.fed pistols may not reliably feed wadcutters because of the angular shape. To address this, the is used. The semiwadcutter consists of a conical section that comes to a smaller flat, and a thin sharp shoulder at the base of the cone. The flat point punches a clean hole, and the shoulder opens the hole up cleanly. For steel targets, the concern is to provide enough force to knock over the target while minimizing the damage to the target. A soft lead bullet, or a jacketed or will flatten out on impact (if the velocity at impact is sufficient to make it deform), spreading the impact over a larger area of the target, allowing more total force to be applied without damaging the steel target.There are also specialized bullets designed for use in long range precision target shooting with high-powered rifles; the designs vary somewhat from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Research in the 1950s by the discovered that bullets are more stable in flight for longer distances and more resistant to crosswinds if the center of gravity is somewhat to the rear of the center of pressure The MatchKing bullet (which is still in wide use and holds many records) is a design with a tiny aperture in the jacket at the point of the bullet and a hollow air space under the point of the bullet, where previous conventional bullets had a lead core that went all the way up to the point.The now issues ammunition to that use bullets of this type. In, M852 Match and M118LR ammunition are issued, both of which use Sierra MatchKing bullets; in, those and who use accurized are issued the cartridge developed jointly by and, using a bullet manufactured by Sierra Bullets that was cannelured according to military specifications for this project.For ultra long range precision target shooting with high-powered rifles and military sniping, radically designed (VLD) bullets are available that are generally produced out of rods of mono-metal alloys on. The driving force behind these projectiles is the wish to enhance the practical beyond normal standards. To achieve this, the bullets have to be very long and normal cartridge overall lengths often have to be exceeded. Common also often have to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles.
Such commercially nonexistent cartridges are termed. The use of a wildcat based (ultra) long-range cartridge demands the use of a custom or customized rifle with an appropriately cut chamber and a fast-twist bore.Maximum penetration For use against armored targets, or large, tough game animals, penetration is the most important consideration.
Focusing the largest amount of momentum on the smallest possible area of the target provides the greatest penetration. Bullets for maximum penetration are designed to resist deformation on impact, and usually are made of lead that is covered in a copper, brass, or mild steel jacket (some are even solid copper or bronze alloy). The jacket completely covers the front of the bullet, although often the rear is left with exposed lead (this is a manufacturing consideration: the jacket is formed first, and the lead is in from the rear).For penetrating substances significantly harder than jacketed lead, the lead core is supplemented with or replaced with a harder material, such as hardened steel. Military small arms ammunition is made from a copper-jacketed steel core; the steel resists deformation better than the usual soft lead core leading to greater penetration. The current NATO 5.56mm SS109 (M855) bullet uses a steel-tipped lead core to improve penetration, the steel tip providing resistance to deformation for armor piercing, and the heavier lead core (25% heavier than the previous bullet, the M193) providing increased for better penetration in soft targets.
For larger, higher-velocity calibers, such as tank guns, hardness is of secondary importance to density, and are normally made from, tungsten hard alloy or fired in a light aluminum or magnesium alloy (or carbon fibre in some cases).Many modern tank guns are smoothbore, not rifled, because practical rifling twists can only stabilize projectiles, such as an (APCBC), with a length-to-diameter ratio of up to about 5:1 and also because the rifling adds friction, reducing the velocity and thus total force it is possible to achieve. To get the maximum force on the smallest area, modern rounds have aspect ratios of 10:1 or more. Since these cannot be stabilized by rifling, they are built instead like large darts, with fins providing the stabilizing force instead of rifling.
These subcaliber rounds, called (APFSDS) are held in place in the bore. The sabot is a light material that transfers the pressure of the charge to the penetrator, then is discarded when the round leaves the barrel.Controlled penetration The final category of bullets is that intended to control penetration so as not to harm anything behind the target. Such bullets are used primarily for hunting and civilian use; they are not generally used by the military, since the use of expanding bullets in international conflicts is prohibited by the and because these bullets have less chance of penetrating modern body armor. These bullets are designed to increase their surface area on impact, thus creating greater drag and limiting the travel through the target. A desirable side effect is that the expanded bullet makes a larger hole, increasing tissue disruption and speeding incapacitation.While a bullet that penetrates through-and-through tends to cause more profuse bleeding, allowing a game animal to be bloodtrailed more easily, in some applications, preventing exit from the rear of the target is more desirable. A perforating bullet can continue on (likely not coaxial to the original trajectory due to target deflection) and might cause unintended damage or injury.Flat point The simplest maximum disruption bullet is one with a wide, flat tip. This increases the effective surface area, as rounded bullets can allow tissues to 'flow' around the edges.
Flat points also increase drag during flight, which decreases the depth to which the bullet penetrates. Flat-point bullets, with fronts of up to 90% of the overall bullet diameter, are usually designed for use against large or dangerous game.
They are often made of unusually hard alloys, are longer and heavier than normal for their caliber, and even include exotic materials such as to increase their sectional density.These bullets are designed to penetrate deeply through muscle and bone, while causing a wound channel of nearly the full diameter of the bullet. These bullets are designed to penetrate deeply enough to reach vital organs from any shooting angle and at a far enough range. One of the hunting applications of the flat point bullet is large game such as bear hunted with a handgun in a or larger caliber. More common than hunting is its use in a defensive 'bear gun' carried by outdoorsmen.
The disadvantage of flat point bullets is the reduction in aerodynamic performance; the flat point induces much, leading to significantly reduced velocities at long range.Expanding More effective on lighter targets are the expanding bullets, the and the. These are designed to use the hydraulic pressure of muscle tissue to expand the bullet. The hollow point peels back into several connected pieces (sometimes referred to as petals due to their appearance) causing the bullet to create a larger area of permanent damage.
The hollow point fills with body tissue and fluids on impact, then expands as the bullet continues to have matter pushed into it. This process is informally called mushrooming, as the ideal result is a shape that resembles a —a cylindrical base, topped with a wide surface where the tip of the bullet has peeled back to expose more area while traveling through a body. For the purposes of aerodynamic efficiency the tip of the hollowpoint will often be tipped with a pointed polymer 'nose' which may also aid in expansion by functioning as a piston upon impact pushing the hollow point open. A copper-plated hollowpoint loaded in a.44 Magnum, for example, with an original of 240 grains (15.55 g) and a diameter of 0.43 inch (11 mm) might mushroom on impact to form a rough circle with a diameter of 0.70 inch (18 mm) and a final weight of 239 grains (15.48 g). This is excellent performance; almost the entire weight is retained, and the frontal surface area increased 63%.
Penetration of the hollowpoint would be less than half that of a similar nonexpanding bullet, and the resulting wound or permanent cavity would be much wider.It might seem that if the whole purpose of a maximum disruption round is to expand to a larger diameter, it would make more sense to start out with the desired diameter rather than relying on the somewhat inconsistent results of expansion on impact. While there is merit to this (there is a strong following of the, as compared to the and 0.355 in diameter, for just this reason) there are also significant downsides. A larger diameter bullet is going to have significantly more than a smaller diameter bullet of the same mass, which means long range performance will be significantly degraded. A larger diameter bullet also means more space is required to store the ammunition, which means either bulkier guns or smaller magazine capacities.
The common trade-off when comparing.45 ACP,.40 S&W, and 9×19mm pistols is a 7- to 14-round capacity in the.45 ACP vs. A 10- to 16-round capacity in the.40 S&W vs. A 13- to 19-round capacity in the 9×19mm. Although several.45-caliber pistols are available with high-capacity magazines ( being one of the first in the late 1980s) many people find the wide grip required uncomfortable and difficult to use. Especially where the military requirement of a nonexpanding round is concerned, there is fierce debate over whether it is better to have fewer, larger bullets for enhanced terminal effects, or more, smaller bullets for increased number of potential target hits.Fragmenting. Example photo of the over-penetration of a fragmenting projectile.This class of projectile is designed to break apart on impact whilst being of a construction more akin to that of an expanding bullet.
Fragmenting bullets are usually constructed like the hollowpoint projectiles described above, but with deeper and larger cavities. They may also have thinner copper jackets in order to reduce their overall integrity. These bullets are typically fired at high velocities to maximize their fragmentation upon impact. In contrast to a hollowpoint which attempts to stay in one large piece retaining as much weight as possible whilst presenting the most surface area to the target, a fragmenting bullet is intended to break up into many small pieces almost instantly.This means that all the kinetic energy from the bullet is transferred into the target in a very short period of time. The most common application of this bullet is the shooting of varmints, such as prairie dogs. The effect of these bullets is quite dramatic, often resulting in the animal being blown apart upon impact. However, on larger game fragmenting ammunition provides inadequate penetration of vital organs to ensure a clean kill; instead, a 'splash wound' may result.
This also limits practical use of these rounds to supersonic (rifle) rounds, which have a high enough kinetic energy to ensure a lethal hit. The two main advantages of this ammunition are that it is very humane, as a hit almost anywhere on most small vermin will ensure an instant kill, and that the relatively low mass bullet fragments pose a very low risk of ricochet or of penetrating unintended secondary targets. Fragmenting bullets should not be confused with frangible bullets (see below).Also used are bullets similar to hollowpoint bullets or soft point bullets whose cores and/or jackets are deliberately weakened to cause deformation or fragmentation upon impact. The assault rifle round exemplifies a trend that is becoming common in the era of high velocity, small caliber military rounds. The 5.45×39mm uses a steel-jacketed bullet with a two-part core, the rear being lead and the front being steel with an air pocket fore most. Upon impact, the unsupported tip deforms, bending the bullet nose into a slight 'L' shape. This causes the bullet to tumble in the tissue, thus increasing its effective frontal surface area by traveling sideways more often than not.This does not violate the Hague Convention, as it specifically mentions bullets that expand or flatten in the body.
The NATO SS109 also tends to bend at the steel/lead junction, but with its weaker jacket, it fragments into many dozens of pieces. NATO 7.62 mm ball manufactured by some countries, such as Germany and Sweden, are also known to fragment due to jacket construction.Frangible The last category of expanding bullets is frangible bullets.
These bullets are designed to break up on impact, which results in a huge increase in surface area. The most common of these bullets are made of small diameter lead pellets, placed in a thin copper shell and held in place by an epoxy or similar binding agent. On impact, the epoxy shatters and the copper shell opens up, the individual lead balls then spread out in a wide pattern, and due to their low mass to surface area ratio, stop very quickly. Similar bullets are made out of metals, which turn to powder upon impact. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged.
( March 2010) The purpose of firing a large calibre projectile is not always the same. For example, one might need to create disorganisation within enemy troops, create casualties within enemy troops, eliminate the functioning of an enemy tank, or destroy an enemy bunker. Different purposes of course require different projectile designs.Many large calibre projectiles are filled with a which, when detonated, shatters the shell casing, producing thousands of high velocity fragments and an accompanying sharply rising blast overpressure. More rarely, others are used to release or agents, either on impact or when over the target area; designing an appropriate is a difficult task which lies outside the realm of terminal ballistics.Other large-calibre projectiles use bomblets (sub-munitions), which are released by the carrier projectile at a required height or time above their target. For US artillery ammunition, these projectiles are called (DPICM), a 155 mm M864 DPICM projectile for example contains a total of 72 shaped-charge fragmentation bomblets. The use of multiple bomblets over a single HE projectile allows for a denser and less wasteful fragmentation field to be produced. If a bomblet strikes an armoured vehicle, there is also a chance that the shaped charge will (if used) penetrate and disable the vehicle.
A negative factor in their use is that any bomblets that fail to function go on to litter the battlefield in a highly sensitive and lethal state, causing casualties long after the cessation of conflict. International conventions tend to forbid or restrict the use of this type of projectile.Some anti-armour projectiles use what is known as a to defeat their target. Shaped charges have been used ever since it was discovered that a block of high explosives with letters engraved in it created perfect impressions of those letters when detonated against a piece of metal. A shaped charge is an explosive charge with a hollow lined cavity at one end and a detonator at the other. They operate by the detonating high explosive collapsing the (often copper) liner into itself. Some of the collapsing liner goes on to form a constantly stretching jet of material travelling at hypersonic speed.
When detonated at the correct standoff to the armour, the jet violently forces its way through the target's armour.Contrary to popular belief, the jet of a copper-lined shaped charge is not molten, although it is heated to about 500 °C. This misconception is due to the metal's fluid-like behaviour, which is caused by the massive pressures produced during the explosives detonation causing the metal to flow plastically. When used in the anti-tank role, a projectile that uses a shaped-charge warhead is known by the acronym (high-explosive anti-tank).Shaped charges can be defended against by the use of (ERA), or complex arrays. ERA uses a high explosive sandwiched between two, relatively thin, (normally) metallic plates. The explosive is detonated when struck by the shaped charge's jet, the detonating explosive sandwich forces the two plates apart, lowering the jets’ penetration by interfering with, and disrupting it.
A disadvantage of using ERA is that each plate can protect against a single strike, and the resulting explosion can be extremely dangerous to nearby personnel and lightly armoured structures. Tank fired HEAT projectiles are slowly being replaced for the attack of heavy armour by so-called. It is the most primitive (in-shape) projectiles that are hardest to defend against.
A KE penetrator requires an enormous thickness of steel, or a complex armour array to protect against. They also produce a much larger diameter hole in comparison to a shaped charge and hence produce a far more extensive behind armour effect. KE penetrators are most effective when constructed of a dense tough material that is formed into a long, narrow, arrow/dart like projectile.Tungsten and depleted uranium alloys are often used as the penetrator material. The length of the penetrator is limited by the ability of the penetrator to withstand launch forces whilst in the bore and shear forces along its length at impact. Gallery.